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Turning A Policy Question Into A Constitutional Question

AdamB at Daily Kos has an interesting post up about a lawsuit in Washington state seeking to keep the identity of persons who sign a petition for a referendum private. Adam writes:

[L]awyers on behalf of the petition-gatherers have sued the WA Secretary of State to block the public release of the signatures, arguing that the opponents' efforts "chill[] free speech ... particularly when it is reasonably probable that those exercising their First Amendment rights would be subjected to threats and harassment." Among other facts, they cited a stalker photographing of a petition organizer's house while his daughter played outside; late-night obscene and threatening phone calls; car windows broken; a house egged and floured repeatedly; a stairway at another supporter's house doused in urine.

A federal judge yesterday granted their motion for a temporary restraining order, blocking for now the release of the signatures citing the irreparable harm which could result, a sign that he sees the balance of the equities and constitutional values supporting individual privacy over mass disclosure.

While Adam focuses on the balancing of disclosure vs. privacy, I am more intrigued by the question of the petitioners seeking "judicial activism." I'll explain my thinking on the flip.

Adam writes:

How you come down on all this -- as to whether privacy is more important than disclosure, or whether the names should be published while trusting the police to deal with acts of harassment when they occur -- may well depend on one fact about which I've been deliberately coy up until this point. Because while I noted that this was a "gay marriage initiative," I didn't actually say whether it was pro gay marriage or against.

That is an interesting sidebar to me. The more interesting question is why would this question be decided by a court as opposed to the legislature? Adam provides a link (PDF) to the moving brief. Suffice it to say that the legal citations on point are sparse. Yes cases are cited and language is used but, to put it bluntly, the cases on point do not exist.

This is a novel argument. Now, because it is a novel argument does not mean that it is a bad or incorrect argument. Nor does it mean that a court would be acting inappropriately were it to find in favor of a First Amendment protection in this area.

What a court would be were it to do that is being what is called pejoratively by some, "activist." It would be "finding new rights."

As I have often written, being a "judicial activist" is not dispositive of whether a court is acting correctly or not. But for some it is.

It so happens that the petition in question is being forwarded by a group seeking to place on the ballot a referendum to rescind Washington state’s newly expanded domestic partnership law.

Surely an interesting group to be seeking "judicial activism."

Speaking for me only

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    There are lots of public policy reasons (5.00 / 3) (#1)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:35:52 PM EST
    why such signatures should never be kept secret. But the biggest one is that if they were kept secret, there would be a much bigger incentive for signature gatherers to copy names out of the phone book. (They already do this all of the time; it's why Ralph Nader was kept off of the ballot in PA in 2004).

    One other consideration is that signing a ballot petition is much more like making a campaign contribution than like voting. The former is public, the latter is not.

    And in this particular instance, it seems to me that people who want to have a vote on other people's basic rights ought to be prepared to explain themselves.

    This is exactly what I was thinking (none / 0) (#3)
    by Militarytracy on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:39:17 PM EST
    And things happened but is there evidence that somene else did these things and not the those claiming they were done to them?  I hate being so suspicious but I am in this instance.

    Parent
    My interest is different than yours (none / 0) (#4)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:43:42 PM EST
    Mine is why is this POLICY issue one for the courts to decide here?

    Speculation about a chilling effect seems weak.

    The best argument is that the First Amendment rights in play are of of such importance that a vigilant Third Branch must be activist in its protection of that interest.

    Parent

    Now I understand you a little better (5.00 / 1) (#6)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:48:11 PM EST
    It seems to me that there's always a judicial role when it comes to reviewing signature petitions (just as there is with a vote recount, notwithstanding the strange beliefs of some Justices in Bush v. Gore).

    But whether a court has a role in deciding whether the names should be public is a slightly more specific question. Obviously, I don't know the answer to that question. I think I could imagine a situation where such an intercession would further justice, but I don't know if this is such a time.

    Parent

    Okay, I have not gone and read (none / 0) (#2)
    by Militarytracy on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:37:15 PM EST
    what this petition was about yet.  I've signed many many petitions in my day and never felt I needed my identity protected.  That seems to fly in the face of what petitioning is about.  If we have top secret petitioners.....dead petitioners don't seem far behind to me :)

    The group (none / 0) (#5)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:47:11 PM EST
    is of interest to me because I feel confident that, generally speaking, they abhor "judicial activism."

    Parent
    Well (5.00 / 1) (#7)
    by Steve M on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:51:41 PM EST
    they need the judiciary to protect them from the big bad "pink mafia," or so I learn from reading blog comment sections.  Apparently the elected branches are too terrified of the mighty, mighty political power wielded by GLBT citizens, so it falls to the judiciary to protect the oppressed majority.

    Parent
    Funny, except (none / 0) (#8)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 12:55:00 PM EST
    that Scalia holds pretty much that option.

    Parent
    Not expressly (none / 0) (#9)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:00:20 PM EST
    It's pretty much right there in Romer (5.00 / 1) (#11)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:02:24 PM EST
    I'll check it (none / 0) (#12)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:04:12 PM EST
    FTR, my "pretty much" (none / 0) (#14)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:14:56 PM EST
    was to make the point that he doesn't think the majority needs court protection from the "pink mafia," but that he thinks the majority can use the democratic process to forestal "special rights" (Steve is full of phrases today) being gained through the "the disproportionate political power of homosexuals[.]"

    Parent
    That is my point (5.00 / 0) (#18)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:25:24 PM EST
    I do not believe Scalia has expressly argued for the Courts as defenders of anybody.

    In practice of course, he is a defender of white male privilege.

    Parent

    There are some narrow instances (none / 0) (#21)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:53:19 PM EST
    Where he will. I can't check from my iPhone, but he had some famous footnote fight with Brennan about it.

    Parent
    Judicial activism (none / 0) (#10)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:01:07 PM EST
    to protect the majority?

    Carolene fn 4 on its head.

    Makes sense to me.

    Parent

    Back in my day (none / 0) (#13)
    by Steve M on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:11:24 PM EST
    the rhetoric was that of "special privileges."  I guess that phrase has gone out of style but the sentiment still remains.

    Parent
    Depends on who you listen to (none / 0) (#15)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:15:24 PM EST
    It's still in currency in some places.

    Parent
    Here's a modern example (none / 0) (#16)
    by Steve M on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:18:54 PM EST
    Debbie Schlussel: "Harvey Milk's gay activism has led to enormous government controls on the freedom of employers and institutions to hire and promote as they wish."  Ah, the freedom to hire!  Isn't that what the promise of America is truly about?

    Parent
    heh, (none / 0) (#17)
    by andgarden on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:20:36 PM EST
    Speaking of Carolene , I sorta thought we killed that kind of "freedom" in the 30s. But the fight lives on. . .

    Parent
    Someone still believes in fn 4? (5.00 / 0) (#20)
    by MKS on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:34:52 PM EST
    It seemed to me to be so self-evident and appropriate when I read it....

    Now, we have racism being expressed by those who complain of the persecution of the majority by minority groups. Quite ingenious really....Now racists can be openly and un-selfconsciously racist while wrapping themselves in the flag of color blindness....

    Glenn Beck showed this to the hilt by saying Obama hates white people....So, because blacks hate whites, whites are justified in hating blacks....Voila!  White racism is now fully justified...

    Parent

    It gets weirder (none / 0) (#19)
    by shoephone on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 01:34:51 PM EST
    A little background on this issue:

    After opponents of Ref 71 sought to publish the names of those who signed the petition, a local provocateur named Phillip Irvin, who works for Seattle City Light, demanded to see the meeting minutes and know the names of city employees who attend a gay rights/affinity group on their lunch hours. A judge has, so far, ruled in favor of releasing the minutes but not the names (on privacy grounds.)

    Irvin's rationale for seeking the action is that city money may be used to support the group's existence and he thinks taxpayers should know where their money is going. Fine. But why do the names need to be disclosed? The prevailing wisdom here is that it's nothing more than an attempt to out city employees who may be closeted.

    But Irvin offers a more... interesting... explanation:

    Irvin, a 58-year-old power analyst for Seattle City Light who said he believed there was a "secret gay organization" that could be engaging in covert actions against him, did like the judge's ruling
    .

    The group is city-funded and city-supported, and "we can't find out who they are," he said.

    Irvin complains the opponents of Ref 71 shouldn't have more rights than him, in attempting to disclose names.

    Culturally Interesting (none / 0) (#22)
    by Robot Porter on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:13:38 PM EST
    Although I have no strong opinion on the legal issue here.  It is culturally interesting.

    Once gay people dreaded being arrested and having their names published in the paper, because it might lead to harassment, losing a job, etc..

    Now opponents of gay rights are afraid of being "outed" for much the same reason.

    An interesting cultural reversal.

    Being gay is different than oppressing people (none / 0) (#25)
    by MyLeftMind on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:20:10 PM EST
    Being homosexual is like having brown hair or blue eyes; it's a natural part of humanity and is absolutely 100% normal. Being something is not the same as doing something.

    I suppose bigotry is natural also, but bigots have a choice to be mean or not.

    Parent

    I think you missed .. (none / 0) (#35)
    by Robot Porter on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 03:30:56 PM EST
    my point.  I just thought the fact of the lawsuit presented an interesting cultural shift in the issue of who feared exposure.  It's not one-to-one and I may have been too clever by half.

    I don't know enough about the intersection of privacy rights and the first amendment to speak intelligently about this case.

    And it was probably just grandstanding on the part of the plaintiffs to suggest harassment would occur.  It probably never would.

    But, though I'm a strong advocate for gay marriage, I do think in a general sense (though maybe not in this case) people have a right to keep their personal political views from being publicly known.

    Parent

    The issue is not the disclosure (none / 0) (#23)
    by MyLeftMind on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:15:10 PM EST
    of petition signers' names, it's the access to that information by potential criminals. Disclosure is necessary to prevent fraud, anonymous access creates risk. Voting is secret to prevent intimidation, but your ID is verified by qualified public servants. People collecting signatures for a petition are paid minimally and are not in a position to collect valid yet secret petition signings.

    The State of Oregon once published auto registrations on the net, then retracted the info when they realized people could easily commit crimes when registration data is available anonymously. (If you take your family to a movie, someone can see you park, get your address and feel assured they have an hour or so to break into your house.) Now to get the public registration info, you have to go to DMV, show your ID, request in writing a specific registration and get videotaped while you do it. Very effective trail for law enforcement if criminals use this process to commit crimes.

    Potential criminals? (5.00 / 1) (#26)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:21:10 PM EST
    Sheesh.

    Come now, we are a smarter blog than this.

    Parent

    Wow (none / 0) (#24)
    by Steve M on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:16:46 PM EST
    If a long list of names is somehow useful to potential criminals, wouldn't they just, you know, flip to a random page of the phone book?  It's not like you put your social security number down when you sign a petition.

    Parent
    It's not about disclosure (none / 0) (#27)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:22:11 PM EST
    it is about disclosure to potential criminals.

    That's why phone book distribution lists are screened for potential criminals.

    Parent

    You're missing the point (none / 0) (#30)
    by MyLeftMind on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:32:04 PM EST
    Please review my example above on the likely abuse of public information when the State of Oregon made registration information available online.

    Your phone book analogy is nonsensical. Looking up someone's name and tele number in the phone book is not the same as seeing them park at a movie and being able to immediately and anonymously look up their home address so you can burglarize them.

    There is a valid reason for knowing who has access to this public information and not making it freely and anonymously available. If signers are targeted, limited access gives law enforcement the opportunity to track suspects.


    Parent

    There is an argument to be made (none / 0) (#32)
    by Big Tent Democrat on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:47:25 PM EST
    But I think you are not making it effectively.

    It so happens I am not unsympathetic to the position you are trying to defend.

    I am unsympathetic to the way you are arguing your position.

    Parent

    Well, simply put, (none / 0) (#34)
    by MyLeftMind on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 03:20:59 PM EST
    it's not tenable to make signature collections made in public a secret based on privacy. However, anonymous access to signers' names and addresses will likely lead to abuse. Recorded access with laws preventing propagation of the information (publishing it online, emailing it or passing the list out) would help law enforcement track criminals utilizing the list. If a group incites or facilitates violence toward the signers, they can be held accountable in the same way the Klan was sued for inciting others to commit crimes.

    Parent
    The problem lies not with the length of the list, (none / 0) (#28)
    by MyLeftMind on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:23:55 PM EST
    but with the anonymous access to that information. Hence the need to monitor the public access to registration info, and now perhaps the need to monitor public access to petition signer names.

    Parent
    Oh I see (none / 0) (#29)
    by Steve M on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:26:49 PM EST
    that must be why we don't permit anonymous access to the phone book.

    Parent
    Obviously petition signer names need to be (none / 0) (#31)
    by MyLeftMind on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 02:37:10 PM EST
    available in order to verify accuracy. Besides, people sign in public and others could potentially see them doing it. It's not the same as voting. But access to those names should be strictly controlled by the state, with valid identification required and no electronic copies made available. In addition, it should be illegal to republish or share the names with any other individual or group, with severe punishments for facilitating illegal retribution toward the signers.

    Some big businesses routinely give money to anti-gay causes. There is now a nationwide boycott against companies who gave to CA's Prop 8 campaign. In this case, the right wing is trying to get a court to "protect them" from legal criticism of their political actions. We have a right to know which of our neighbors and friends support these despicable anti-equality actions.

    With petitions supporting equality, we would have safety in numbers if more than just LGBT citizens and a few allies sign petitions for equal rights. Most of the country believes in basic equal rights, yet many straight people still won't take a stand for equal rights for LGBT families. So we end up screwing around with this issue year after year while Republicans use it to fundraise and get elected. We're going to have equality someday, so why wait another 10-15 years while pumping a little more life blood into the Republican Party?

    If we repeal DOMA and change federal rules to recognize the legal contracts in the six states that allow same-sex marriage, we destroy the GOP's biggest nationwide GOTV strategy. Each state can still decide if they're going to allow or prevent same-sex marriage (states rights & wrongs!), but gays can simply travel to states that allow it and thereby protect their families regardless of where they live.

    When the straight liberal majority finally decides to demand equality at the federal level, this big hot issue will deflate to little local political squabbles. C'mon straight America, what's stopping you?


    Free Speech is not Private Speech (none / 0) (#33)
    by BJohnM on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 03:15:37 PM EST
    I'm not an attorney and definitely not Constitutional Scholar, so I'm a little out of my league here, but I have an opinion on this.

    The issue here is just the opposite from the petitioners claim that making the list public could chill free speech. The Free Speech clause of the Constitution is there to protect one's ability to go into the public square and express oneself (within some recognized bounds). Private speech, what I say to myself or others in my home isn't included, because it doesn't require protection.

    Free Speech applies to public expressions, and that has two components...the right to freely speak and the right to freely listen.

    Public Speech, to me, is that speech delivered in a truly public venue, "the town square (literal or virtual and including legally sanctioned petitions for legislative action)." You are speaking there with the specific intent of public expression, and with a reasonable expectation your speech will be heard. In fact, being heard is generally the reason to conduct public speech. This is the type of speech specifically protected by the free speech clause in the Constitution.

    There are two sides to "free speech." You have a right to take to the public square and speak freely, but I have a right to go to the public square and witness/hear your expression. You are not entitled to go into the public square, but demand that all others be kept beyond ear-shot.

    This is what I think is going on in the case of the R-71 supporters, and shame on this Judge for even issuing a temporary restraining order. I believe the minute the R-71 supporters invoked a "free speech" claim of any kind, they immediately ended any expectation of privacy for the signers. In effect, what they have asked, and the court has granted, is the ability to express themselves in the public square, but have every other citizen held out of ear-shot.

    The Constitution guarantees us each a secret ballot, but we are not allowed to petition our government in secret. Despite Dick Cheney's beliefs' to the contrary, that is the very reason for open government statutes. The people's business is supposed to be done before the people (all of them). Whether or not it might cause people harassment should be of absolutely no concern to the courts. The question is, if a person ventures into the public square to petition their government, are other citizens allowed to listen? This Judge has failed the test. I am as equally entitled to know who is speaking in the public square and what they are saying, as they are entitled to speak in the public square.

    Holy card (none / 0) (#36)
    by Wile ECoyote on Mon Aug 03, 2009 at 06:22:23 PM EST
    check, Batman!